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Recombinant Mouse LIX Protein

Catalog #: 433-MC
7 Citations Datasheet

Carrier Free

Catalog # Availability Size / Price Qty
433-MC-025/CF

With Carrier

Catalog # Availability Size / Price Qty
433-MC-025
Recombinant Mouse LIX Protein Bioactivity
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Product Details
Citations (7)
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Summary Product Datasheets Carrier Free Data Images Reconstitution Calculator Background Related Research Areas

Recombinant Mouse LIX Protein Summary

Product Specifications

Purity
>97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain.
Endotoxin Level
<0.01 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.
Activity
Measured by its ability to chemoattract BaF3 mouse pro‑B cells transfected with human CXCR2. The ED50 for this effect is 0.03-0.1 µg/mL. Measured by its ability to induce myeloperoxidase release from cytochalasin B-treated human neutrophils. Schröder, J.M. et al. (1987) J. Immunol. 139:3474. The ED50 for this effect is 1-3 μg/mL.
Source
E. coli-derived mouse LIX protein
Val45-Ala118
Accession #
P50228
N-terminal Sequence
Analysis
Val45
Predicted Molecular Mass
8 kDa

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433-MC (with carrier)

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433-MC/CF (carrier free)

Product Datasheet

Carrier Free

What does CF mean?

CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.

What formulation is right for me?

In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.

433-MC

Formulation Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with BSA as a carrier protein.
Reconstitution Reconstitute at 25 μg/mL in sterile PBS containing at least 0.1% human or bovine serum albumin.
Shipping The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below.
Stability & Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

433-MC/CF

Formulation Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS.
Reconstitution Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in sterile PBS.
Shipping The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below.
Stability & Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

Scientific Data

Bioactivity Recombinant Mouse LIX Protein Bioactivity View Larger

Recombinant Mouse LIX (Catalog # 433-MC) chemoattracts BaF3 mouse pro B cells transfected with human CXCR2. The ED50 for this effect is 0.03-0.1 µg/mL.

Background: LIX

Mouse LIX [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced CXC chemokine], also previously called GCP-2, is a member of the ELR+ group of 7-9 kDa neutrophil and monocyte chemotactic proteins in the CXCL cytokine family (1). This group contains the ELR/GluLeuArg amino acid (aa) motif immediately N-terminal to the CXC motif. Other ELR+ chemokines also include mouse CXCL1 thru 3 and 15 (or KC, MIP-2, DCIP-1 and lungkine, respectively), plus human CXCL1 thru 3 and 5 thru 8 (or GRO alpha, GRO beta, GRO gamma, ENA-78, GCP-2, NAP-2 and IL-8, respectively) (1-4). Mouse LIX cDNA encodes 132 aa's, including a 40 aa signal peptide and up to a 92 aa mature protein that has a longer C-terminus than other ELR+ cytokines (5). The first 78 aa of mature LIX shares 63% and 55% aa identity with human CXCL6/GCP-2 and CXCL5/ENA-78, respectively. Its activity is similar but not identical to these human chemokines (1, 5). In the mouse, CXCL1/KC and CXCL2/MIP-2 expression and function may overlap with that of LIX (1, 6-10).

LIX can be produced by a variety of cells including fibroblasts, epithelial cells (including alveolar type II epithelia), endothelial cells, platelets, cardiac myocytes, preosteoblasts, oligodendrocytes, and adipose-resident macrophages (1, 4-8, 11-16). It is mainly produced when induced by LPS, IL-17 and/or TNF-alpha (1, 5-7, 11, 15). LIX can also be stored within specialized granules, such as platelet alpha -granules and endothelial cytoplasmic granules, but not Weibel-Palade bodies (6, 13). Endotoxemia increases LIX expression, especially in the heart, but also in the lung, spleen, and liver (8). LIX is downregulated by glucocorticoids and is considered a glucocorticoid-attenuated response gene or GARG (5, 8). It can also be downregulated by IL-10 and viral proteins (12, 17). Natural mouse LIX includes short forms that may be N‑terminally cleaved by MMP1, 2, 8, 9, 12 or 13, and/or C-terminally cleaved by MMP1, 8, 9 or 12 (1-3, 18, 19).

Unlike other ELR+ chemokines, it is not cleaved within the ELR motif, and short forms show enhanced activity as compared to the full-length form (1-3, 18, 19). LIX activities are mainly mediated by its receptor CXCR2, which is expressed on neutrophils, mast cells and macrophages (9, 16, 17). Unlike other ELR+ chemokines, mouse LIX and human IL-8 can also signal through CXCR1 (2, 17). LIX is the most potent mouse neutrophil chemoattractant and activator (1-4, 7-9, 11, 13, 14). CXCR2-expressing cells treated with LIX show activation of NF kappa B signaling pathways, resulting in increased production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha (9, 17). TNF-alpha produced as a result of endotoxemia or ischemia-reperfusion can, in turn, induce cardiomyocyte production of LIX, influx of neutrophils, and impedance of cardiac contractile activity (7, 14). LIX participates in the induction of LPS-induced acute lung injury and in lung ischemia-induced angiogenesis (10, 11). LIX protects neurons from apoptosis, and its downregulation by viral proteins is thought to allow neuronal apoptotic death (12). It is thought to play a protective role in inflammatory bone loss (15). High expression of LIX in obese white adipose tissue is thought to contribute to insulin resistance (16). LIX also binds the erythrocyte receptor, DARC (Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines) and is reported to impair chemokine scavenging by DARC (13).

References
  1. Wuyts, A. et al. (1996) J. Immunol. 157:1736.
  2. Wuyts, A. et al. (1999) J. Immunol. 163:6155.
  3. Tester, A.M. et al. (2007) PLoS One 3:e312.
  4. Jeyaseelan, S. et al. (2005) Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 32:531.
  5. Smith, J.B. and H.R. Herschman (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270:16756.
  6. Hol, J. et al. (2010) J. Leukoc. Biol. 87:501.
  7. Chandrasekar, B. et al. (2001) Circulation 103:2296.
  8. Rovai, L.E. et al. (1998) J. Leukoc. Biol. 64:494.
  9. Vieira, S.M. et al. (2009) Br. J. Pharmacol. 158:779.
  10. Moldobaeva, A. et al. (2010) Microvasc. Res. 80:18.
  11. Jeyaseelan, S. et al. (2004) Infect. Immun. 72:7247.
  12. Merabova, N. et al. (2012) J. Cell Physiol. 227:3119.
  13. Mei, J. et al. (2010) Immunity 33:106.
  14. Madorin, W.S. et al. (2004) Circ. Res. 94:944.
  15. Ruddy, M.J. et al. (2004) J. Leukoc. Biol. 76:135.
  16. Chavey, C. et al. (2009) Cell Metab. 9:339.
  17. Chandrasekar, B. et al. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278:4675.
  18. Van den Steen, P.E. et al. (2003) Eur. J. Biochem. 270:3739.
  19. Dean, R.A. et al. (2008) Blood 112:3455.
Entrez Gene IDs
20311 (Mouse); 60665 (Rat)
Alternate Names
LIX

Citations for Recombinant Mouse LIX Protein

R&D Systems personnel manually curate a database that contains references using R&D Systems products. The data collected includes not only links to publications in PubMed, but also provides information about sample types, species, and experimental conditions.

7 Citations: Showing 1 - 7
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  1. Platelet-derived chemokines promote skeletal muscle regeneration by guiding neutrophil recruitment to injured muscles
    Authors: Graca, FA;Stephan, A;Minden-Birkenmaier, BA;Shirinifard, A;Wang, YD;Demontis, F;Labelle, M;
    Nature communications
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  2. IL-17/CXCL5 signaling within the oligovascular niche mediates human and mouse white matter injury
    Authors: G Xiao, R Kumar, Y Komuro, J Burguet, V Kakarla, I Azizkhania, SA Sheth, CK Williams, XR Zhang, M Macknicki, A Brumm, R Kawaguchi, P Mai, N Kaneko, HV Vinters, ST Carmichael, LA Havton, C DeCarli, JD Hinman
    Cell Reports, 2022-12-20;41(12):111848.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  3. TNF-alpha-induced alterations in stromal progenitors enhance leukemic stem cell growth via CXCR2 signaling
    Authors: P Agarwal, H Li, K Choi, K Hueneman, J He, RS Welner, DT Starczynow, R Bhatia
    Cell Reports, 2021-07-13;36(2):109386.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  4. Lung CD4+ resident memory T cells remodel epithelial responses to accelerate neutrophil recruitment during pneumonia
    Authors: AT Shenoy, GA Wasserman, EI Arafa, AK Wooten, NMS Smith, IMC Martin, MR Jones, LJ Quinton, JP Mizgerd
    Mucosal Immunol, 2019-11-20;0(0):.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: In Vivo
    Applications: In Vivo
  5. Allergic sensitization through the airway primes Th17-dependent neutrophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness.
    Authors: Wilson RH, Whitehead GS, Nakano H, Free ME, Kolls JK, Cook DN
    Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2009-08-06;180(8):720-30.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: In Vivo
    Applications: In Vivo
  6. Transcriptional profiling of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury.
    Authors: Jeyaseelan S, Chu HW, Young SK, Worthen GS
    Infect. Immun., 2004-12-01;72(12):7247-56.
    Applications: ELISA (Standard)
  7. Circulating CXC-chemokine concentrations in a murine intestinal ischemia-reperfusion model.
    Authors: Maheshwari A, Christensen RD, Calhoun DA
    Fetal Pediatr Pathol, 2004-03-01;23(2):145-57.
    Applications: ELISA (Standard)

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