Porcine TNF-alpha Alexa Fluor® 488-conjugated Antibody

Applications

Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application. General Protocols are available in the Technical Information section on our website.

Preparation and Storage

Background: TNF-alpha

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha ), also known as cachectin and TNFSF2, is the prototypic ligand of the TNF superfamily. It is a pleiotropic molecule that plays a central role in inflammation, apoptosis, and immune system development. TNF-alpha is produced by a wide variety of immune and epithelial cell types (1, 2). Porcine TNF-alpha consisits of a 35 amino acid (aa) cytoplasmic domain, a 21 aa transmembrane segment, and a 176 aa extracellular domain (ECD) (3). Within the ECD, porcine TNF-alpha shares 69%‑86% aa sequence identity with bovine, canine, cotton rat, equine, feline, human, mouse, rat, and rhesus TNF-alpha. The 26 kDa type 2 transmembrane protein is assembled intracellularly to form a noncovalently linked homotrimer (4). Ligation of this complex induces reverse signaling that promotes lymphocyte costimulation but diminishes monocyte responsiveness (5). Cleavage of membrane bound TNF-alpha by TACE/ADAM17 releases a 55 kDa soluble trimeric form of TNF-alpha (6, 7). TNF-alpha trimers bind the ubiquitous TNF RI and the hematopoietic cell-restricted TNF RII, both of which are also expressed as homotrimers (1, 8). TNF-alpha regulates lymphoid tissue development through control of apoptosis (2). It also promotes inflammatory responses by inducing the activation of vascular endothelial cells and macrophages (2). TNF-alpha is a key cytokine in the development of several inflammatory disorders (9). It contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes through its effects on insulin resistance and fatty acid metabolism (10, 11).

Product Datasheets

Related Research Areas

• Adipocytokines
• Cancer Biomarkers
• Conventional/Classical Dendritic Cells
• Co-stimulatory and Co-inhibitory Molecules
• Cytokines and Receptors in Allergy and Asthma
• Cytokines and Receptors in Angiogenesis
• Diabetes
• Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
• EMT Induction
• gamma delta T Cells
• Inflammatory Mediators
• Inflammatory/Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells
• Isolation, Culture, and Identification of Natural Killer Cells
• Macrophage Activation Markers
• Microglia Activation Markers
• Molecules Secreted by VSMC
• Natural Killer T (NKT) Cells
• Neuroinflammatory Factors
• Obesity
• Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
• Preeclampsia
• Regulation of Apoptosis by TNF Superfamily Members
• Regulation of Natural Killer Cell Co-stimulation by TNF Superfamily Members
• Regulation of T Cell Co-stimulation by TNF Superfamily Members
• Search Cytokine and Growth Factor Products
• T Cell Cytokine Signaling
• Th1 Cells
• Th22 Cells
• TNF Superfamily Ligands