Human TNF-alpha Quantikine QuicKit Control Group 259

Human TNF-alpha Quantikine QuicKit Control Group 259 Summary

Specifications

Product Datasheets

Background: TNF-alpha

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), also known as cachectin and TNFSF2, is the prototypic ligand of the TNF superfamily. It is a pleiotropic molecule that plays a central role in inflammation, apoptosis, and immune system development. TNF-α is produced by a wide variety of immune and epithelial cell types. Human TNF-α consists of a 35 amino acid (aa) cytoplasmic domain, a 21 aa transmembrane segment, and a 177 aa extracellular domain (ECD). Within the ECD, human TNF-α shares 97% aa sequence identity with rhesus and 71% - 92% with bovine, canine, cotton rat, equine, feline, mouse, porcine, and rat TNF-α. The 26 kDa type 2 transmembrane protein is assembled intracellularly to form a noncovalently linked homotrimer. Ligation of this complex induces reverse signaling that promotes lymphocyte costimulation but diminishes monocyte responsiveness.

Cleavage of membrane bound TNF-α by TACE/ADAM17 releases a 55 kDa soluble trimeric form of TNF-α. TNF-α trimers bind the ubiquitous TNF RI and the hematopoietic cell-restricted TNF RII, both of which are also expressed as homotrimers. TNF-α regulates lymphoid tissue development through control of apoptosis. It also promotes inflammatory responses by inducing the activation of vascular endothelial cells and macrophages. TNF-α is a key cytokine in the development of several inflammatory disorders. It contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes through its effects on insulin resistance and fatty acid metabolism.

Related Research Areas

• Adipocytokines
• Cancer Biomarkers
• Conventional/Classical Dendritic Cells
• Co-stimulatory and Co-inhibitory Molecules
• Cytokines and Receptors in Allergy and Asthma
• Cytokines and Receptors in Angiogenesis
• Diabetes
• Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
• EMT Induction
• gamma delta T Cells
• Inflammatory Mediators
• Inflammatory/Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells
• Isolation, Culture, and Identification of Natural Killer Cells
• Macrophage Activation Markers
• Microglia Activation Markers
• Molecules Secreted by VSMC
• Natural Killer T (NKT) Cells
• Neuroinflammatory Factors
• Obesity
• Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
• Preeclampsia
• Regulation of Apoptosis by TNF Superfamily Members
• Regulation of Natural Killer Cell Co-stimulation by TNF Superfamily Members
• Regulation of T Cell Co-stimulation by TNF Superfamily Members
• Search Cytokine and Growth Factor Products
• T Cell Cytokine Signaling
• Th1 Cells
• Th22 Cells
• TNF Superfamily Ligands